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Pawnee Indians Culture Biography
The Pawnee Indians, also known as the Paneassa, Pari, or Pariki, are native to the Platte, Loup, and Republican Rivers of Nebraska. Their tribe consisted of four distinct bands: Chaui (Grand or leading tribe), Kitkehahki (Republican), Pitahauerat (Tappage), and Skidi (Wolf). Moreover, the men were divided into three groups: the medicine men/priests, the warriors and the hunters. The men and women of the Pawnee Indians had very distinctive roles in every day life. The mature women did most of the labor while the younger women would learn while watching the elders. The older women were also of course, in charge of looking after the younger children of the tribe while the other women worked. Likewise, the women of the Pawnee Indian tribe were in charge of cooking. The Pawnee Indians staple foods were corn (maize), beans, pumpkins, and squash.
The Pawnee Indians practiced a religion that tried to maintain a balance between the gods and nature, similar to most Indian tribes at the time. The Pawnee Indians believed that to have a good productive crop, they had to plant them according to the position of the stars. The Pawnees were known to sacrifice maize and other crops to the gods, but it has been speculated that they may have also sacrificed humans up until the mid-eighteenth century. That truth is still up for debate. What is not up for debate however is that the Pawnee Indians played a very important part in limiting the Spanish expansion onto the Great Plains. The Pawnee Indians sided with the French and won a very important battle against the Spanish in 1720.
Unfortunately, an epidemic of both smallpox and cholera wiped all but 600 of the Pawnee Indians by the 19th century. However, the population has re-grown, at least some. Reports have shown that as recently as 2005 show that there were about 2,500 Pawnee Indians in the United States. The Pawnee Indians today have tribal gatherings and celebrations every other year to keep true to their culture and their roots.
Pawnee people (also Paneassa, Pari, Pariki) are a Caddoan-speaking Native American tribe. They are federally recognized as the Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma and have four confederated bands: the Chaui, Kitkehakhi, Pitahawirata, and Skidi.[3]
Historically, the Pawnee lived along outlying tributaries of the Missouri River: the Platte, Loup and Republican rivers in present-day Nebraska and in northern Kansas. They lived in permanent earth lodge villages where they farmed. They left the villages on seasonal buffalo hunts, using tipis while traveling.[2]
In the 1830s, the Pawnee numbered about 2,000 people, as they had escaped some of the depredations of exposure to Eurasian infectious diseases. By 1859, their numbers were reduced to about 1,400; however, by 1874 they were back up to 2,000.[2] Still subject to encroachment by the Lakota and European Americans, finally most accepted relocation to a reservation in Indian Territory. This is where most of the enrolled members of the nation live today. Their autonym is Chahiksichahiks, meaning "men of men".[4]The Pawnee had a sedentary lifestyle combining village life and seasonal hunting, which had long been established on the Plains. Archeology studies of ancient sites have demonstrated the people lived in this pattern for nearly 700 years, since about 1250 CE.[8]
The Pawnee generally settled close to the rivers and placed their lodges on the higher banks. They built earth lodges that by historical times tended to be oval in shape; at earlier stages, they were rectangular. They constructed the frame, made of 10-15 posts set some ten feet apart, which outlined the central room of the lodge. Lodge size varied based on the number of poles placed in the center of the structure. Most lodges had 4, 8 or 12 center poles. A common feature in Pawnee lodges were four painted poles, which represented the four cardinal directions and the four major star gods (not to be confused with the Creator.) A second outer ring of poles outlined the outer circumference of the lodge. Horizontal beams linked the posts together.
Pawnee lodges near Genoa, Nebraska (1873)
The frame was covered first with smaller poles, tied with willow withes. The structure was covered with thatch, then earth. A hole left in the center of the covering served as a combined chimney/smoke hole and skylight. The door of each lodge was placed to the east and the rising sun. A long, low passageway, which helped keep out outside weather, led to an entry room that had an interior buffalo-skin door on a hinge. It could be closed at night and wedged shut. Opposite the door, on the west side of the central room, a buffalo skull with horns was displayed. This was considered great medicine.
Mats were hung on the perimeter of the main room to shield small rooms in the outer ring, which served as sleeping and private spaces. The lodge was semi-subterranean, as the Pawnee recessed the base by digging it approximately three feet below ground level. This insulated the interior from extreme temperatures. Lodges were strong enough to support adults, who routinely sat on them, and the children who played on the top of the structures.[9] (See photo above.)
As many as 30-50 people might live in each lodge, and they were usually of related families. A village could consist of as many as 300-500 people and 10-15 households. Each lodge was divided in two (the north and south), and each section had a head who oversaw the daily business. Each section was further subdivided into three duplicate areas, with tasks and responsibilities related to the age of women and girls, as described below. The membership of the lodge was quite flexible.
The tribe went on buffalo hunts in summer and winter. Upon their return, the inhabitants of a lodge would often move into another lodge, although they generally remained within the village. Men's lives were more transient than those of women. They had obligations of support for the wife (and family they married into), but could always go back to their mother and sisters for a night or two of attention. When young couples married, they lived with the woman's family.
[edit]Political structure
Shawn Tearle, contemporary Pawnee
The Pawnee are a matrilineal people. Ancestral descent is traced through the mother, and, traditionally, a young couple moved into the bride's parents' lodge. People work together in collaborative ways, marked by both independence and cooperation, without coercion. Both women and men are active in political life, with independent decision-making responsibilities.
Within the lodge, each north-south section included roles for the three classes of women:
Mature women (usually married and mothers), who did most of the labor;
Young single women, just learning their responsibilities; and
Older women, who looked after the young children.
Amongst the collection of lodges, the political designations for men were essentially between:
the Warrior Clique; and
the Hunting Clique.
Women tended to be responsible for decisions about resource allocation, trade, and inter-lodge social negotiations. Men were responsible for decisions which pertained to hunting, war, and spiritual/health issues.
Women tended to remain within a single lodge, while men would typically move between lodges. They took multiple sexual partners in serially monogamous relationships.
Pawnee Indians Culture Biography
The Pawnee Indians, also known as the Paneassa, Pari, or Pariki, are native to the Platte, Loup, and Republican Rivers of Nebraska. Their tribe consisted of four distinct bands: Chaui (Grand or leading tribe), Kitkehahki (Republican), Pitahauerat (Tappage), and Skidi (Wolf). Moreover, the men were divided into three groups: the medicine men/priests, the warriors and the hunters. The men and women of the Pawnee Indians had very distinctive roles in every day life. The mature women did most of the labor while the younger women would learn while watching the elders. The older women were also of course, in charge of looking after the younger children of the tribe while the other women worked. Likewise, the women of the Pawnee Indian tribe were in charge of cooking. The Pawnee Indians staple foods were corn (maize), beans, pumpkins, and squash.
The Pawnee Indians practiced a religion that tried to maintain a balance between the gods and nature, similar to most Indian tribes at the time. The Pawnee Indians believed that to have a good productive crop, they had to plant them according to the position of the stars. The Pawnees were known to sacrifice maize and other crops to the gods, but it has been speculated that they may have also sacrificed humans up until the mid-eighteenth century. That truth is still up for debate. What is not up for debate however is that the Pawnee Indians played a very important part in limiting the Spanish expansion onto the Great Plains. The Pawnee Indians sided with the French and won a very important battle against the Spanish in 1720.
Unfortunately, an epidemic of both smallpox and cholera wiped all but 600 of the Pawnee Indians by the 19th century. However, the population has re-grown, at least some. Reports have shown that as recently as 2005 show that there were about 2,500 Pawnee Indians in the United States. The Pawnee Indians today have tribal gatherings and celebrations every other year to keep true to their culture and their roots.
Pawnee people (also Paneassa, Pari, Pariki) are a Caddoan-speaking Native American tribe. They are federally recognized as the Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma and have four confederated bands: the Chaui, Kitkehakhi, Pitahawirata, and Skidi.[3]
Historically, the Pawnee lived along outlying tributaries of the Missouri River: the Platte, Loup and Republican rivers in present-day Nebraska and in northern Kansas. They lived in permanent earth lodge villages where they farmed. They left the villages on seasonal buffalo hunts, using tipis while traveling.[2]
In the 1830s, the Pawnee numbered about 2,000 people, as they had escaped some of the depredations of exposure to Eurasian infectious diseases. By 1859, their numbers were reduced to about 1,400; however, by 1874 they were back up to 2,000.[2] Still subject to encroachment by the Lakota and European Americans, finally most accepted relocation to a reservation in Indian Territory. This is where most of the enrolled members of the nation live today. Their autonym is Chahiksichahiks, meaning "men of men".[4]The Pawnee had a sedentary lifestyle combining village life and seasonal hunting, which had long been established on the Plains. Archeology studies of ancient sites have demonstrated the people lived in this pattern for nearly 700 years, since about 1250 CE.[8]
The Pawnee generally settled close to the rivers and placed their lodges on the higher banks. They built earth lodges that by historical times tended to be oval in shape; at earlier stages, they were rectangular. They constructed the frame, made of 10-15 posts set some ten feet apart, which outlined the central room of the lodge. Lodge size varied based on the number of poles placed in the center of the structure. Most lodges had 4, 8 or 12 center poles. A common feature in Pawnee lodges were four painted poles, which represented the four cardinal directions and the four major star gods (not to be confused with the Creator.) A second outer ring of poles outlined the outer circumference of the lodge. Horizontal beams linked the posts together.
Pawnee lodges near Genoa, Nebraska (1873)
The frame was covered first with smaller poles, tied with willow withes. The structure was covered with thatch, then earth. A hole left in the center of the covering served as a combined chimney/smoke hole and skylight. The door of each lodge was placed to the east and the rising sun. A long, low passageway, which helped keep out outside weather, led to an entry room that had an interior buffalo-skin door on a hinge. It could be closed at night and wedged shut. Opposite the door, on the west side of the central room, a buffalo skull with horns was displayed. This was considered great medicine.
Mats were hung on the perimeter of the main room to shield small rooms in the outer ring, which served as sleeping and private spaces. The lodge was semi-subterranean, as the Pawnee recessed the base by digging it approximately three feet below ground level. This insulated the interior from extreme temperatures. Lodges were strong enough to support adults, who routinely sat on them, and the children who played on the top of the structures.[9] (See photo above.)
As many as 30-50 people might live in each lodge, and they were usually of related families. A village could consist of as many as 300-500 people and 10-15 households. Each lodge was divided in two (the north and south), and each section had a head who oversaw the daily business. Each section was further subdivided into three duplicate areas, with tasks and responsibilities related to the age of women and girls, as described below. The membership of the lodge was quite flexible.
The tribe went on buffalo hunts in summer and winter. Upon their return, the inhabitants of a lodge would often move into another lodge, although they generally remained within the village. Men's lives were more transient than those of women. They had obligations of support for the wife (and family they married into), but could always go back to their mother and sisters for a night or two of attention. When young couples married, they lived with the woman's family.
[edit]Political structure
Shawn Tearle, contemporary Pawnee
The Pawnee are a matrilineal people. Ancestral descent is traced through the mother, and, traditionally, a young couple moved into the bride's parents' lodge. People work together in collaborative ways, marked by both independence and cooperation, without coercion. Both women and men are active in political life, with independent decision-making responsibilities.
Within the lodge, each north-south section included roles for the three classes of women:
Mature women (usually married and mothers), who did most of the labor;
Young single women, just learning their responsibilities; and
Older women, who looked after the young children.
Amongst the collection of lodges, the political designations for men were essentially between:
the Warrior Clique; and
the Hunting Clique.
Women tended to be responsible for decisions about resource allocation, trade, and inter-lodge social negotiations. Men were responsible for decisions which pertained to hunting, war, and spiritual/health issues.
Women tended to remain within a single lodge, while men would typically move between lodges. They took multiple sexual partners in serially monogamous relationships.
Pawnee Indians Culture
Pawnee Indians Culture
Pawnee Indians Culture
Pawnee Indians Culture
Pawnee Indians Culture
Pawnee Indians Culture
Pawnee Indians Culture
Pawnee Indians Culture
Pawnee Indians Culture
Pawnee Indians Culture
Pawnee Indians Culture
Pawnee Indians Culture
Pawnee Indians Culture
